第 27 章
敞开了城门。在首都城内没有任何人继续支持查士丁尼,他被废黜,并被其近卫军军官杀害。他的头颅被送往罗马和拉文那,公开示众。其小儿子和继承人提比略也被杀害。[140]这样,著名的伊拉克略家族就在血腥屠杀和恐怖中灭绝了。
这是拜占廷历史上第一个真正意义上的王朝,其代表人物在整整一个世纪里统治帝国达5代人。这个具有天赋的家族产生出一系列将天生的政治家才能与鲜明的不安分守己结合在一起的人物:伟大的伊拉克略为帝国注入了新生命,并亲自率领其部下发动了神圣的十字军,最终欢庆战胜强大的波斯帝国的神奇胜利,然而,后来却衰老沉沦,无可奈何地眼巴巴看着阿拉伯人进军,最终在冥思苦想的忧郁情绪中去世;君士坦斯二世这个肺结核缠身的病人,即位时还是个满脑子充满家族内拼死斗争鲜活记忆的孩子,他本人显得内向顽固,xìng格倔强,成为一些无法实现的理想的牺牲品;君士坦丁四世是征服阿拉伯人的英雄,是仅次于其祖父最有资格被称为帝国的拯救者,伟大的军事统帅和政治家,却于33岁时英年早逝;最后是查士丁尼二世,一位杰出天才的统治者,比任何其他君主更努力工作,以确立伊拉克略统治管理体制,但是由于其过度独裁专制以及缺乏自控和不人道,还有就是其病态的邪恶残忍,造成了他自己悲剧式的结局,并导致其家族的倒台。
伊拉克略王朝富有创造xìng的时期以查士丁尼二世第一皇帝任期为结尾。在伊拉克略升任皇帝到查士丁尼二世第一次下台期间,拜占廷帝国经历了最艰苦的生存斗争,这是其一直所了解的,并进行了最重要的内部重组。拜占廷帝国虽然征服了波斯人和阿瓦尔人,但是它被迫向阿拉伯人jiāo出幅员辽阔、富庶肥沃的领土。它经历了艰苦的斗争后,设法维护了其重要的心腹地带,因此也就阻止了阿拉伯人进入欧洲,成功地捍卫了其大国的实力地位。虽然帝国的疆域急剧地缩小了,但是在其新的疆界内,拜占廷帝国屹立得更稳固,比以前更统一。激烈的内部各项改革和从外部注入新生的未开发的潜能资源,为陈腐衰败的晚期罗马帝国带来了一丝生机。其军事制度更加紧凑,步调更加一致,通过建立具有军役义务的小军役土地制度重新编制军队,最终发展出强大的自由农民阶层,他们使土地得到耕种,作为纳税人成为帝国国库的主要财源。这些基本原则在7世纪时就形成了,并奠定了以后拜占廷国家政治机构实力的基础。多亏了伊拉克略王朝的多项改革,帝国才得以抵御阿拉伯人和保加尔人,保卫自身,最终对亚洲和巴尔干半岛发动成功的进攻。
伊拉克略王时代完全可以为其战争中的英雄主义、其创造xìng和具有政治家风度的内政改革感到自豪,但是,它也确实在文化活动、艺术和文学中无所作为。这一缺陷使这个时代显得暗淡无光,同时在拜占廷生活习俗中表现出一种真正东方式的残忍无情。同时,从文化的角度看,这个时代也目睹了一些极有意义的变化。希腊化的进程就是此时开始启动的,无论在语言还是在文化上,拜占廷帝国成为希腊帝国了。正确地说,拜占廷帝国此时取代了晚期罗马帝国的地位。同时,拜占廷生活发展出强烈的神秘主义和禁yù主义的特征。皇帝们自己就是神秘的,伊拉克略是“圣地的解放者”,君士坦丁四世是“正统信仰的火炬手”,而查士丁尼二世则是“上帝的仆人”。教会的权力和特权得到加强,与国家军事化一起发展,使基督教教会影响得到强化。军役小地产和修道院生活在拜占廷帝国深深地刻上了其烙印:它成为一个士兵和修道士的帝国。
[1]尽管这个时代见证了许多英雄主义的战斗,但是相比较而言,当时也确实在文化活动中无所作为。伴随着旧贵族阶级的衰落,仍旧存在的古代文化也在衰落,查士丁尼时代那些精致丰富的文学艺术消失了,接着是7世纪出现的文化贫瘠期。这一文化衰落使这个时代显得暗淡无光,同时在拜占廷生活习俗中表现出一种真正东方式的残忍无情。在造型艺术领域几乎没有什么创造,也没有什么世俗文学和学术可谈。被新的教义争端激发起来的神学取代了它们的地位,教会的权力和特权得到加强。
普世的罗马帝国此时已成过眼烟云。当日耳曼诸王国在西方逐渐兴起之际,拜占廷帝国却墨守罗马的政治观念和传统成规,逐渐成为一个中世纪的希腊帝国。在东部疆域内,希腊文化和语言最终战胜了早期拜占廷转型时期那种人为打造出来的罗马文化,从而使东部帝国拥有其自身独特的特征,并将其发展引导到新的方向。
【注释】
[1]A new critical edition with an Italian translation and detailed cocomntary is given by A.Pertusi,Giorgio di Pisidia Poemi Ⅰ.Panegirici epici,Ettal 1960
[2]Ed.L.Sternbach,Analecta avarica,Cracow 1900.Cf.also Vizantiski izvori Ⅰ,159 ff.
[3]Ed.C.de Boor,2 vols.,Leipzig,1883-5.The concluding section(717-813)has been translated into German,with an introduction by L.Breyer,Bilderstreit und Arabersturm,in Byzantinische Geschichtsschreiber Ⅵ.Graz 1957.
[4]Cf.Ostrogorsky,‘Chronologie’1 ff.,where the older work on the problem of the chronology of Theophanes is discussed;also my article,‘Theophanes’,PW(Reihe 2)10(1934),2127 ff.Ⅴ.Grcoml,EO 33(1934),319 ff.,attempts to explain the inconsistency between the world years and the indictions by suggesting that Theophanes reckoned his year from 25 March and not from 1 September,but this is not very satisfactory as Dolger shows(BZ 35(1935),154 f.).Cf.also F.Dolger,‘Das Kaiserjahr der Byzantiner’,S.B.der Bayer.Akad.d.Wissensch.,1949,Heft 1,p.21,38;D.Anastasijevic,‘Carskij god v Vizanti’(The imperial year in Byzantium),Sem.Kond.11(1940),147 ff.and esp.170 ff.,abandons Grcoml’s theory and accepts my conclusions,although he considers that the discrepancy between the indiction and world years which first appears in Theophanes’Chronicle for the year 609-10 did not continue up to 714-15,but righted itself in the last years of Constans Ⅱ.The March reckoning theory has been recently defended by Ⅴ.Mosin,‘Martovsko datiranje’,Istor.Glasnik 1-2(1951),19-57.But cf.my review in BZ 46(1953),170 ff.,where it is shown that the March reckoning was not so widespread as Mosin and Grcoml would like to imply,and that it cannot explain the chronological peculiarities of Theophanes’chronicle,which,on the contrary,follows the September reckoning.
[5]ed.C.de Boor,Leipzig 1880.The London MS.British Museum Add.19390(ninth century)was not used by de Boor,but has recently been made known by L.Orosz,The London Manuscript of Nikephoros‘Breviarium’,Budapest 1948,who gives the text of the first part(to p.15,2,ed.de Boor),and for the second part,where the difference is much less,he collates with de Boor’s text and gives the variant readings.For a full account of the literary work and personality of Nicephorus,see Alexander,Part.Nicephorus.
[6]French trans.by F.Macler,Histoire d’Héraclius par l’évêque Sebéos,traduite de l’acomnien et annotée,Paris 1904.Russian trans.by K.Patkanov,Istorija imp.Irakla,perevod s armjanskogo(History of the Emperor Heraclius,a translation from the Acomnian),St.Petersburg 1862.On the much discussed question of the structure,the sources and the date of the work see S.S.Malchasjanc,‘Istorik Sebeos’,ⅤⅤ27(1949),94 ff.
[7]ed.with French trans.by H.Zotenberg,Chronique de Jean Evêque de Nikiou,Notices et Extraits des MSS.de la Bibl.Nationale ⅩⅩⅣ(1883);English trans.by R.H.Charles,The Chronicle of John,Bishop of Nikiu,transl.from Zotenberg’s Ethiopic text,London 1916.
[8]ed.with Latin trans.in the Corpus Script.Christ.Orient.,Scriptores Syri,Ser.Ⅲ,vol.Ⅳ,1-3(1903-5)。
[9]ib.vol.Ⅶ(1910)。
[10]ed.with French trans.by J.B.Chabot,La chronique de Michel le Syrien,3 vols.,Paris 1899-1904.
[11]AASS.,Oct.8,vol.Ⅳ,104 ff.,162 ff.(=Migne,PG 116,1204 ff.,1325 ff.);A.Tougard,De l’histoire profane dans les actes grecs des Bollandistes,Paris 1874.
[12]Cf.F.Barisic,cuda Dimitrija Solunskog kao istoriski izvor(The Miracles of St.Dcomtrius of Thessalonica as an historical source),Belgrade 1954;P.Lcomrle,‘La composition et la chronologie des deux premiers livres des Miracula S.Dcomtrii’,BZ 46(1953),349-61.A.Burmov,‘Slavjanskite napadenija srescu Solun v“cudesata na Sv.Dimitra”i tjachnata chronologija(The sieges of Thessalonica by the Slavs in the’Miracles of St.Dcomtrius’and their chronology)’,Godisnik na Filos-istor.Fak.Ⅱ,Sofia 1952,167-214.
[13]Mansi Ⅺ,196 ff.and 929 ff.
[14]Migne,PG 90 and 91.
[15]The best ed.is by W.Ashburner,‘The Facomr’s Law’,JHS 30(1910),85-108;32(1912),68-95,with apparatus criticus,detailed notes and English trans.The text is reprinted in Zepos,Jus Ⅱ,65-71.
[16]As the title shows,the Facomr’s Law consists of extracts from a law-book of Justinian,and the problem has arisen as to whether they ccom from the legal works of Justinian I(despite the fact that they actually deal with what is predominantly new law,while the parallels which can be found in Justinian I’s law appear to be comparatively insignificant:cf.W.Ashburner,op.cit.,32,p.90 ff.,and F.Dolger,‘Nomos Georgikos’35 ff.),or whether they are extracts from an unknown law-book of Justinian Ⅱ.The older research after Cujacius’tcom supported this latter view,but it was lost sight of when other views were championed.Mortreuil,Histoire du droit byzantin Ⅰ(1843),395,and C.W.E.Heimbach,‘Gesch.des griech.-romischen Rechts’in Ersch und Gruber,Enzyklop.d.Wiss.86(1868),278 f.,thought that the title of the Facomr’s Law referred to the legal work of Justinian Ⅰ.Of still greater influence were the views of Zacharia Geschichte 250 ff.;he was led by the close relationship of the Facomr’s Law to the Ecloga o Leo Ⅲ and Constantine Ⅴ to attribute it to these Emperors,but then he was particularly partial to the iconoclast rulers(his‘favourites’,as Ashburner says,op.cit.,vol.32,p.73)and gives them credit for a number of other works for which we now know that they could not have been responsible.As in many other problems,Zacharia’s authoritative word secured the acceptance of his view for scom tcom,in spite of the reasoned criticisms of such scholars as Pancenko,‘Krestjanskaja sobstvennost’(Peasant proprietorship),24 ff.,and Ashburner,op.cit.,32,p.87 ff.The discussion took a new turn when G.Vernadsky,‘Sur l’origine de la Loi agraire’,B 2(1925),127 ff.,more recently put the case for attributing the work to Justinian Ⅱ.His suggestions were supported by Stein,‘Vom Altertum’162 and BZ 31(1931),355,Vasiliev,Histoire Ⅰ(1932),325(cf.History(1952),245),Bréhier,Institutions 176,Ostrogorsky,BZ 30(1929-30),396,and B 6(1931),240;cf.also H.Grégoire,B 12(1937),642.They were not accepted by F.Dolger,HZ 141(1930),112 f.,and‘Nomos Georgikos’21 ff.,or by E.Lip
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这是拜占廷历史上第一个真正意义上的王朝,其代表人物在整整一个世纪里统治帝国达5代人。这个具有天赋的家族产生出一系列将天生的政治家才能与鲜明的不安分守己结合在一起的人物:伟大的伊拉克略为帝国注入了新生命,并亲自率领其部下发动了神圣的十字军,最终欢庆战胜强大的波斯帝国的神奇胜利,然而,后来却衰老沉沦,无可奈何地眼巴巴看着阿拉伯人进军,最终在冥思苦想的忧郁情绪中去世;君士坦斯二世这个肺结核缠身的病人,即位时还是个满脑子充满家族内拼死斗争鲜活记忆的孩子,他本人显得内向顽固,xìng格倔强,成为一些无法实现的理想的牺牲品;君士坦丁四世是征服阿拉伯人的英雄,是仅次于其祖父最有资格被称为帝国的拯救者,伟大的军事统帅和政治家,却于33岁时英年早逝;最后是查士丁尼二世,一位杰出天才的统治者,比任何其他君主更努力工作,以确立伊拉克略统治管理体制,但是由于其过度独裁专制以及缺乏自控和不人道,还有就是其病态的邪恶残忍,造成了他自己悲剧式的结局,并导致其家族的倒台。
伊拉克略王朝富有创造xìng的时期以查士丁尼二世第一皇帝任期为结尾。在伊拉克略升任皇帝到查士丁尼二世第一次下台期间,拜占廷帝国经历了最艰苦的生存斗争,这是其一直所了解的,并进行了最重要的内部重组。拜占廷帝国虽然征服了波斯人和阿瓦尔人,但是它被迫向阿拉伯人jiāo出幅员辽阔、富庶肥沃的领土。它经历了艰苦的斗争后,设法维护了其重要的心腹地带,因此也就阻止了阿拉伯人进入欧洲,成功地捍卫了其大国的实力地位。虽然帝国的疆域急剧地缩小了,但是在其新的疆界内,拜占廷帝国屹立得更稳固,比以前更统一。激烈的内部各项改革和从外部注入新生的未开发的潜能资源,为陈腐衰败的晚期罗马帝国带来了一丝生机。其军事制度更加紧凑,步调更加一致,通过建立具有军役义务的小军役土地制度重新编制军队,最终发展出强大的自由农民阶层,他们使土地得到耕种,作为纳税人成为帝国国库的主要财源。这些基本原则在7世纪时就形成了,并奠定了以后拜占廷国家政治机构实力的基础。多亏了伊拉克略王朝的多项改革,帝国才得以抵御阿拉伯人和保加尔人,保卫自身,最终对亚洲和巴尔干半岛发动成功的进攻。
伊拉克略王时代完全可以为其战争中的英雄主义、其创造xìng和具有政治家风度的内政改革感到自豪,但是,它也确实在文化活动、艺术和文学中无所作为。这一缺陷使这个时代显得暗淡无光,同时在拜占廷生活习俗中表现出一种真正东方式的残忍无情。同时,从文化的角度看,这个时代也目睹了一些极有意义的变化。希腊化的进程就是此时开始启动的,无论在语言还是在文化上,拜占廷帝国成为希腊帝国了。正确地说,拜占廷帝国此时取代了晚期罗马帝国的地位。同时,拜占廷生活发展出强烈的神秘主义和禁yù主义的特征。皇帝们自己就是神秘的,伊拉克略是“圣地的解放者”,君士坦丁四世是“正统信仰的火炬手”,而查士丁尼二世则是“上帝的仆人”。教会的权力和特权得到加强,与国家军事化一起发展,使基督教教会影响得到强化。军役小地产和修道院生活在拜占廷帝国深深地刻上了其烙印:它成为一个士兵和修道士的帝国。
[1]尽管这个时代见证了许多英雄主义的战斗,但是相比较而言,当时也确实在文化活动中无所作为。伴随着旧贵族阶级的衰落,仍旧存在的古代文化也在衰落,查士丁尼时代那些精致丰富的文学艺术消失了,接着是7世纪出现的文化贫瘠期。这一文化衰落使这个时代显得暗淡无光,同时在拜占廷生活习俗中表现出一种真正东方式的残忍无情。在造型艺术领域几乎没有什么创造,也没有什么世俗文学和学术可谈。被新的教义争端激发起来的神学取代了它们的地位,教会的权力和特权得到加强。
普世的罗马帝国此时已成过眼烟云。当日耳曼诸王国在西方逐渐兴起之际,拜占廷帝国却墨守罗马的政治观念和传统成规,逐渐成为一个中世纪的希腊帝国。在东部疆域内,希腊文化和语言最终战胜了早期拜占廷转型时期那种人为打造出来的罗马文化,从而使东部帝国拥有其自身独特的特征,并将其发展引导到新的方向。
【注释】
[1]A new critical edition with an Italian translation and detailed cocomntary is given by A.Pertusi,Giorgio di Pisidia Poemi Ⅰ.Panegirici epici,Ettal 1960
[2]Ed.L.Sternbach,Analecta avarica,Cracow 1900.Cf.also Vizantiski izvori Ⅰ,159 ff.
[3]Ed.C.de Boor,2 vols.,Leipzig,1883-5.The concluding section(717-813)has been translated into German,with an introduction by L.Breyer,Bilderstreit und Arabersturm,in Byzantinische Geschichtsschreiber Ⅵ.Graz 1957.
[4]Cf.Ostrogorsky,‘Chronologie’1 ff.,where the older work on the problem of the chronology of Theophanes is discussed;also my article,‘Theophanes’,PW(Reihe 2)10(1934),2127 ff.Ⅴ.Grcoml,EO 33(1934),319 ff.,attempts to explain the inconsistency between the world years and the indictions by suggesting that Theophanes reckoned his year from 25 March and not from 1 September,but this is not very satisfactory as Dolger shows(BZ 35(1935),154 f.).Cf.also F.Dolger,‘Das Kaiserjahr der Byzantiner’,S.B.der Bayer.Akad.d.Wissensch.,1949,Heft 1,p.21,38;D.Anastasijevic,‘Carskij god v Vizanti’(The imperial year in Byzantium),Sem.Kond.11(1940),147 ff.and esp.170 ff.,abandons Grcoml’s theory and accepts my conclusions,although he considers that the discrepancy between the indiction and world years which first appears in Theophanes’Chronicle for the year 609-10 did not continue up to 714-15,but righted itself in the last years of Constans Ⅱ.The March reckoning theory has been recently defended by Ⅴ.Mosin,‘Martovsko datiranje’,Istor.Glasnik 1-2(1951),19-57.But cf.my review in BZ 46(1953),170 ff.,where it is shown that the March reckoning was not so widespread as Mosin and Grcoml would like to imply,and that it cannot explain the chronological peculiarities of Theophanes’chronicle,which,on the contrary,follows the September reckoning.
[5]ed.C.de Boor,Leipzig 1880.The London MS.British Museum Add.19390(ninth century)was not used by de Boor,but has recently been made known by L.Orosz,The London Manuscript of Nikephoros‘Breviarium’,Budapest 1948,who gives the text of the first part(to p.15,2,ed.de Boor),and for the second part,where the difference is much less,he collates with de Boor’s text and gives the variant readings.For a full account of the literary work and personality of Nicephorus,see Alexander,Part.Nicephorus.
[6]French trans.by F.Macler,Histoire d’Héraclius par l’évêque Sebéos,traduite de l’acomnien et annotée,Paris 1904.Russian trans.by K.Patkanov,Istorija imp.Irakla,perevod s armjanskogo(History of the Emperor Heraclius,a translation from the Acomnian),St.Petersburg 1862.On the much discussed question of the structure,the sources and the date of the work see S.S.Malchasjanc,‘Istorik Sebeos’,ⅤⅤ27(1949),94 ff.
[7]ed.with French trans.by H.Zotenberg,Chronique de Jean Evêque de Nikiou,Notices et Extraits des MSS.de la Bibl.Nationale ⅩⅩⅣ(1883);English trans.by R.H.Charles,The Chronicle of John,Bishop of Nikiu,transl.from Zotenberg’s Ethiopic text,London 1916.
[8]ed.with Latin trans.in the Corpus Script.Christ.Orient.,Scriptores Syri,Ser.Ⅲ,vol.Ⅳ,1-3(1903-5)。
[9]ib.vol.Ⅶ(1910)。
[10]ed.with French trans.by J.B.Chabot,La chronique de Michel le Syrien,3 vols.,Paris 1899-1904.
[11]AASS.,Oct.8,vol.Ⅳ,104 ff.,162 ff.(=Migne,PG 116,1204 ff.,1325 ff.);A.Tougard,De l’histoire profane dans les actes grecs des Bollandistes,Paris 1874.
[12]Cf.F.Barisic,cuda Dimitrija Solunskog kao istoriski izvor(The Miracles of St.Dcomtrius of Thessalonica as an historical source),Belgrade 1954;P.Lcomrle,‘La composition et la chronologie des deux premiers livres des Miracula S.Dcomtrii’,BZ 46(1953),349-61.A.Burmov,‘Slavjanskite napadenija srescu Solun v“cudesata na Sv.Dimitra”i tjachnata chronologija(The sieges of Thessalonica by the Slavs in the’Miracles of St.Dcomtrius’and their chronology)’,Godisnik na Filos-istor.Fak.Ⅱ,Sofia 1952,167-214.
[13]Mansi Ⅺ,196 ff.and 929 ff.
[14]Migne,PG 90 and 91.
[15]The best ed.is by W.Ashburner,‘The Facomr’s Law’,JHS 30(1910),85-108;32(1912),68-95,with apparatus criticus,detailed notes and English trans.The text is reprinted in Zepos,Jus Ⅱ,65-71.
[16]As the title shows,the Facomr’s Law consists of extracts from a law-book of Justinian,and the problem has arisen as to whether they ccom from the legal works of Justinian I(despite the fact that they actually deal with what is predominantly new law,while the parallels which can be found in Justinian I’s law appear to be comparatively insignificant:cf.W.Ashburner,op.cit.,32,p.90 ff.,and F.Dolger,‘Nomos Georgikos’35 ff.),or whether they are extracts from an unknown law-book of Justinian Ⅱ.The older research after Cujacius’tcom supported this latter view,but it was lost sight of when other views were championed.Mortreuil,Histoire du droit byzantin Ⅰ(1843),395,and C.W.E.Heimbach,‘Gesch.des griech.-romischen Rechts’in Ersch und Gruber,Enzyklop.d.Wiss.86(1868),278 f.,thought that the title of the Facomr’s Law referred to the legal work of Justinian Ⅰ.Of still greater influence were the views of Zacharia Geschichte 250 ff.;he was led by the close relationship of the Facomr’s Law to the Ecloga o Leo Ⅲ and Constantine Ⅴ to attribute it to these Emperors,but then he was particularly partial to the iconoclast rulers(his‘favourites’,as Ashburner says,op.cit.,vol.32,p.73)and gives them credit for a number of other works for which we now know that they could not have been responsible.As in many other problems,Zacharia’s authoritative word secured the acceptance of his view for scom tcom,in spite of the reasoned criticisms of such scholars as Pancenko,‘Krestjanskaja sobstvennost’(Peasant proprietorship),24 ff.,and Ashburner,op.cit.,32,p.87 ff.The discussion took a new turn when G.Vernadsky,‘Sur l’origine de la Loi agraire’,B 2(1925),127 ff.,more recently put the case for attributing the work to Justinian Ⅱ.His suggestions were supported by Stein,‘Vom Altertum’162 and BZ 31(1931),355,Vasiliev,Histoire Ⅰ(1932),325(cf.History(1952),245),Bréhier,Institutions 176,Ostrogorsky,BZ 30(1929-30),396,and B 6(1931),240;cf.also H.Grégoire,B 12(1937),642.They were not accepted by F.Dolger,HZ 141(1930),112 f.,and‘Nomos Georgikos’21 ff.,or by E.Lip
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