My Inventions：The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla. IV. The Discovery of the Tesla Coil and Transformer
ForawhileIgavemyselfupeotheintenseenjoymentofpicturingmaesanddevisingnewforms.ItwasamentalstateofhappinessaboutaspleteasIhaveeverknowninlife.IdeascameinanuninterruptedstreamandtheonlydifficultyIhadwastoholdthemfast.ThepiecesofapparatusIceivedweretomeabsolutelyrealandtangibleineverydetail,eventotheminutemarksandsignsofwear.Idelightedinimaginiorsstantlyrunning,forinthiswaytheypreseomind'seyeamorefasatingsight.Whennaturalinationdevelopsintoapassionatedesire,oneadvaowardshisgoalinseven-leagueboots.IhantwomonthsIevolvedvirtuallyallthetypesofmotorsandmodificationsofthesystemwhicharenowidentifiedwithmyerhaps,providentialthattheiesofexistenaemporaryhalttothisingactivityofthemind.
IcametoBudapestpromptedbyaprematurereportielephoerpriseand,asironyoffatewilledit,IhadtoacceptapositionasdraftsmaniralTelegraphOfficeoftheHungarianGoverasalarywhichIdeemitmyprivilegenottodisclose!Fortunately,IsoonwoerestoftheIor-in-Chiefandwasthereafteremployedoncalculations,designsaimatesinewithnewinstallations,untiltheTelephoneExgewasstarted,whenItookchargeofthesame.TheknowledgeandpracticalexperienceIgaihecourseofthisworkwasmostvaluableandtheemploymentgavemeampleopportunitiesfortheexeryiivefaculties.ImadeseveralimprovementsiralStationapparatusandperfectedatelephoeroramplifierwhichwasentedorpubliclydescribedbutwouldbecreditabletomeeventoday.Inreitionofmyeffitassistaheaheuaking,Mr.Puskas,upondisposingofhisbusinessinBudapest,offeredmeapositioninPariswhichIgladlyaccepted.
Ineverfetthedeepimpressionthatmagiccityproduind.ForseveraldaysaftermyarrivalIroamedthruthestreetsinutterbewildermentofthenewspectacle.Theattrasweremanyandirresistible,but,alas,theineentassoonasreceived.WhenMr.PuskasaskedmehowIwasgettingalonginthenewsphere,Idescribedthesituationaccuratelyiementthat"thelasttwenty-ninedaysofthemontharethetoughest!"Iledaratherstrenuouslifeinwhatwouldermed"Rooseveltianfashion."Everym,regardlessofweather,IwouldgofromtheBoulevardSt.Marcel,whereIresided,toabathinghouseontheSeine,pluothewater,loopthecircuittwenty-seventimesandthenwalkanhourtoreachIvry,wherethepany'sfactorywaslocated.ThereIwouldhaveawoodchopper'sbreakfastathalf-pastseveno'clodtheneagerlyawaitthelunchhour,inthemeanwhilecraghardnutsfortheMaheWorks,Mr.CharlesBatchellor,whowasanintimatefriendandassistantofEdison.HereIwasthrownintactwithafewAmeriswhofairlyfellihmebecauseofmyprofibilliards.TothesemenIexplainedmyiionahem,Mr.D.ingham,ForemanoftheMeicalDepartment,offeredtoformastopany.Theproposalseemedtomeitheextreme.IdidnothavethefaiceptionofwhatthatmeantexceptthatitwasanAmeriwayofdoingthings.Nothingcameofit,however,anddurifewmonthsIhadtotravelfromooanotherplaFrandGermanytocuretheillsofthepowerplants.OurntoParisIsubmittedtooheadministratorsofthepany,Mr.Rau,aplanforimprovingtheirdynamosandwasgivenanopportunity.Mysuccesswaspleteandthedelighteddirectorsaccordedmetheprivilegeofdevelopingautomaticregulatorswhichweremuchdesired.
ShortlyaftertherewassometroublewiththelightingplantwhichhadbeeninstalledatthenewrailroadstationinStrassburg,Alsace.Thewiringwasdefectiveandontheoccasionoftheopeningceremoniesalargepartofawallwasblownoutthruashort-circuitrightinthepresenperorWilliamI.TheGermanGoverrefusedtotaketheplantandtheFrenpanywasfagaseriousloss.OnatofmyknowledgeoftheGermanlanguageandpastexperience,Iwasentrustedwiththedifficulttaskhteningoutmattersandearlyin1883IwenttoStrassburgonthatmission.
Someoftheisinthatcityhaveleftanindeliblereemory.Byacuriousumberofmenwhosubsequentlyachievedfame,livedthereaboutthattime.InlaterlifeIusedtosay:"Therewerebacteriaofgreatnessinthatoldtown.OtherscaughtthediseasebutIescaped!"Thepracticalwork,correspondendferehofficialskeptmepreoccupieddayandnight,but,assoonasIwasabletomanageIuookthestruofasimplemotorinameicalshopoppositetherailroadstation,havingbroughtwithmefromParissomematerialforthatpurpose.Themationoftheexperimentwas,however,delayeduntilthesummerofthatyearwhenIfinallyhadthesatisfaofseeingrotatioedbyalternatingcurrentsofdifferentphase,andwithoutslidingtamutator,asIhadceivedayearbefore.Itwasanexquisitepleasurebutnottoparewiththedeliriumofjoyfollowingthefirstrevelation.
AmongmynewfriendswastheformerMayorofthecity,Mr.Bauzin,whomIhadalreadyinameasureacquaihthisandotheriionsofmineandwhosesupportIendeavoredtoenlist.Hewassincerelydevotedtomeandputmyprojectbeforeseveralwealthypersonsbut,tomymortification,foundnoresponse.HewaohelpmeineverypossiblewayandtheapproachofthefirstofJuly,1919,happenstoremindmeofaformof"assistance"Ireceivedfromthatcharmingman,whichwasnotfinancialbuthelessappreciated.In1870,whentheGermansihetry,Mr.BauzinhadburiedagoodsizedallotmentofSt.Estepheof1801andhecametotheclusionthatheknewnoworthierpersonthaoethatpreciousbeverage.This,Imaysay,isoheunfettableiowhichIhavereferred.MyfriendurgedmetoreturntoParisassoonaspossibleandseeksupportthere.ThisIwasanxioustodobutmyworkaiationswereprotractedowingtoallsortsofpettyobstaclesIenteredsothatattimesthesituationseemedhopeless.
JusttogiveanideaofGermanthhnessand"efficy",Imaymentioherfunnyexperienindestlampof16c.p.wastobeplaahalloingtheproperlocationIorderedthemoorunthewires.AfterwforawhilehecludedthattheengineerhadtobesultedandthiswasdohelattermadeseveralobjesbutultimatelyagreedthatthelampshouldbeplacedtwoinchesfromthespotIhadassigned,whereupontheworkproceeded.ThentheengineerbecameworriedandtoldmethatIorAverdeckshouldbenotified.Thatimportantpersoncalled,iigated,debated,anddecidedthatthelampshouldbeshiftedbacktwoinches,whichwastheplaceIhadmarked.Itwasnotlong,however,beforeAverdeckgotcoldfeethimselfandadvisedmethathehadinformedOber-IorHieronimusofthematterandthatIshouldawaithisdecision.ItwasseveraldaysbeforetheOber-Iorwasabletofreehimselfofotherpressingdutiesbutatlasthearrivedandatwo-hourdebatefollowed,whenhedecidedtomovethelamptwoinchesfarther.MyhopesthatthiswasthefinalactwereshatteredwhentheOber-Iorreturnedandsaidtome:"RegierungsrathFunkeissoparticularthatIwouldniveanorderforplagthislampwithouthisexplicitapproval."Acclyarrasforavisitfromthatgreatmanweremade.Westartedingupandpolishingearlyinthem.Everybodybrushedup,IputonmyglovesandwhenFunkecamewithhisretinuehewasceremoniouslyreceived.Aftertwohours'deliberationhesuddenlyexclaimed:"Imustbegoing,"andpointingtoaplatheceiling,heorderedmetoputthelampthere.ItwastheexactspotwhichIhadinallychosen,
Soitwentdayafterdaywithvariations,butIwasdetermioachieveatwhatevercostandintheendmyeffortswererewarded.Bythespringof1884allthedifferenceswereadjusted,theplantformallyaccepted,auroPariswithpleasinganticipations.OheadministratorshadpromisedmealiberalpensationincaseIsucceeded,aswellasafairsiderationoftheimprovementsIhadmadeintheirdynamosandIhopedtorealizeasubstantialsum.TherewerethreeadministratorswhomIshalldesignateasA,BandCforvenience.WhenIcalledooldmethatBhadthesay.ThisgehoughtthatonlyCcoulddecideaerwasquitesurethatAalohepowertoact.AfterseverallapsofthiscirculusviviositdawnedupomyrewardwasacastleinSpain.
TheutterfailureofmyattemptstoraisecapitalfordevelopmentwasanotherdisappoiandwhenMr.BatchellorprestmetogotoAmericawithaviewofredesigningtheEdisonmaes,IdetermirymyfortuheLandofGoldenPromise.Butthecewasnearlymist.Iliquefiedmymodestassets,securedaodationsandfoundmyselfattherailroadstationasthetrainullingout.AtthatmomentIdiscoveredthatmymoneyandticketsweregone.Whattodowasthequestion.HerculeshadplentyoftimetodeliberatebutIhadtodecidewhilerunningalongsidethetrainwithoppositefeelingssurginginmybrainlikedenseroscillations.Resolve,helpedbydexterity,wonoutinthenieanduponpassingthrutheusualexperiences,astrivialasunpleasant,ImaoembarkforNewYorkwiththeremnantsofmybelongings,somepoemsandarticlesIhadwritten,andapackageofcalculatioingtosolutionsofanunsolvableintegralandtomyflyingmae.DuringthevoyageIsatmostofthetimeatthesternoftheshipwatgforanopportunitytosavesomebodyfromawaterygrave,withouttheslightestthoughtofdanger.LaterwhenIhadabsorbedsomeofthepracticalAmerisenseIshiveredattherecolleandmarvelledatmyformerfolly.
ThemeetingwithEdisonwasamemorableeventinmylife.Iwasamazedatthiswonderfulmanwho,withoutearlyadvantagesandstifictraining,hadaplishedsomuch.Ihadstudiedadozenlanguages,delvediureandart,andhadspentmybestyearsinlibrariesreadingallsortsofstuffthatfellintomyhands,fromon's"Principia"tothenovelsofPauldeKodfeltthatmostofmylifehadbeensquandered.ButitdidnottakelongbefhatitwasthebestthingIcouldhavedohinafewweeksIhadwonEdison'sfidenditcameaboutinthisway.
TheS.S.oestpasseeameratthattime,hadbothofitslightingmaesdisabledanditssailingwasdelayed.Asthesuperstructurehadbeenbuiltaftertheirinstallationitossibletoremovethemfromthehold.ThepreditwasaseriousoneandEdisonwasmuoyed.IntheeveningItookthenecessaryinstrumentswithmeaaboardthevesselwhereIstayedforthenight.Thedynamoswereinbaddition,havingseveralshort-circuitsandbreaks,butwiththeassistahecrewIsucceededinputtingthemingoodshape.Atfiveo'clothem,whenpassingalongFifthAvenueonmywaytotheshop,ImetEdisonwithBatchellorahersastheywerereturninghometoretire."HereisourParisianrunningaroundatnight,"hesaid.WhenItoldhimthatIwasingfromtheonandhadrepairedbothmaes,helookedatmeinsilendwalkedawaywithoutanotherword.ButwhenhehadgonesomedistanceIheardhimremark:"Batchellor,thisisagoodman,"andfromthattimeonIhadfullfreedomiingthework.Fornearlyayearmyregularhourswerefrom10.30A.M.until5o'clockthemwithoutaday'sexception.Edisonsaidtome:"Ihavehadmanyhard-wassistantsbutyoutakethecake."DuringthisperiodIdesigwenty-fourdifferenttypesofstandardmaeswithshortcoresandofuniformpatternwhichreplacedtheoldoheManagerhadpromisedmefiftythousanddollarsonthepletionofthistaskbutitturtobeapracticaljoke.ThisgavemeapainfulshodIresignedmyposition.
ImmediatelythereaftersomepeopleapproachedmewiththeproposalanarclightpanyundermyowhichIagreed.Herefinallyortunitytodevelopthemotor,butwhenIbroachedthesubjeynewassociates,theysaid:"thearclamp.Wedon'tcareforthisalternatingcurrentofyours."In1886mysystemhtingerfectedandadoptedforfactoryandmunicipallighting,andIwasfree,butwithnootherpossessionthaifullyengravedcertificateofstockofhypotheticalvalue.ThenfolloeriodleinthenewmediumforwhichIwasnotfitted,buttherewardcameintheendandinApril,1887,theTeslaElectripanywasanized,providingalaboratoryandfacilities.ThemotorsIbuilttherewereexactlyasIhadimagihem.Imadenoattempttoimprovethedesign,butmerelyreproducedthepicturesastheyappearedtomyvisionandtheoperationwasalwaysasIexpected.
Intheearlypartof1888anarrawasmadewiththeWestinghousepanyforthemanufactureofthemotorsonalargescale.Butgreatdifficultieshadstilltobeoverysystemwasbasedontheuseoflowfrequencycurrentsainghouseexpertshadadopted133cycleswiththeobjectofsegadvahetransformation.Theydidnotwanttodepartfromtheirstandardformsofapparatusandmyeffortshadtobetrateduponadaptiortotheseditions.Anotheryroduceamotorcapableofrunningeffitlyatthisfrequentwowireswhichwasnoteasyofaplishment.
Atthecloseof1889,however,myserviPittsburgbeingnolongeressential,IreturoNewYorkandresumedexperimentalworkinalaboratrandStreet,whereIbegaelythedesignofhighfrequencymaes.TheproblemsofstruinthisunexploredfieldwerenovelandquitepeculiarandIenteredmanydifficulties.Irejectedtheinductortype,fearingthatitmightnotyieldperfeewaveswhichweresoimportanttoresonanta.HaditnotbeenforthisIcouldhavesavedmyselfagreatdealoflabor.Anotherdisciureofthehighfrequencyalternatorseemedtobetheinstancyofspeedwhichthreateoimposeseriouslimitationstoitsuse.IhadalreadynotedinmydemonstrationsbeforetheAmeristitutiorigihatseveraltimesthetunewaslost,atingreadjustment,anddidforesee,whatIdiscoveredlongafterwards,ameansofoperatingamaeofthiskindataspeedstanttosuchadegreeasnottovarymorethanasmallfraofonerevolutioweeremesofload.
Frommanyothersiderationsitappeareddesirabletoiasimplerdevicefortheproduofelectricoscillations.In1856LordKelvinhadexposedthetheoryofthedenserdischarge,butnopracticalapplicationofthatimportantknowledgewasmade.Isawthepossibilitiesanduookthedevelopmentofinduapparatusonthisprinciple.Myprogresswassorapidastoeoexhibitatmylecturein1891acoilgivingsparksoffiveinches.OnthatoccasionIfranklytoldtheengineersofadefevolvediransformationbythehod,helossinthesparkgap.Subsequentiigationshowedthatnomatterwhatmediumisemployed,beitair,hydrogen,mercuryvapor,oilorastreamofeles,theefficyisthesame.Itisalawverymuchlikethatgtheversionofmeiergy.Wemaydropaweightfromacertaiverticallydownorcarryittothelowerlevelalonganydeviouspath,itisimmaterialinsofarastheamountofworkised.Fortunatelyhowever,thisdrawbaotfatalasbyproperproportioningoftheresonantcircuitsanefficyof85pertisattainable.Sincemyearlyannouoftheiionithaseintouniversaluseandwroughtarevolutioninmaments.Butastillgreaterfutureawaitsit.
Whenin1900Iobtainedpowerfuldischargesof100feetandflashedacurrentaroundtheglobe,IwasremihefirsttinysparkIobservedinmyGrandStreetlaboratoryandwasthrilledbysensationsakintothoseIfeltwhenIdiscoveredtherotatingmagicfield.松语文学www.16sy.coM免费小说阅读
IcametoBudapestpromptedbyaprematurereportielephoerpriseand,asironyoffatewilledit,IhadtoacceptapositionasdraftsmaniralTelegraphOfficeoftheHungarianGoverasalarywhichIdeemitmyprivilegenottodisclose!Fortunately,IsoonwoerestoftheIor-in-Chiefandwasthereafteremployedoncalculations,designsaimatesinewithnewinstallations,untiltheTelephoneExgewasstarted,whenItookchargeofthesame.TheknowledgeandpracticalexperienceIgaihecourseofthisworkwasmostvaluableandtheemploymentgavemeampleopportunitiesfortheexeryiivefaculties.ImadeseveralimprovementsiralStationapparatusandperfectedatelephoeroramplifierwhichwasentedorpubliclydescribedbutwouldbecreditabletomeeventoday.Inreitionofmyeffitassistaheaheuaking,Mr.Puskas,upondisposingofhisbusinessinBudapest,offeredmeapositioninPariswhichIgladlyaccepted.
Ineverfetthedeepimpressionthatmagiccityproduind.ForseveraldaysaftermyarrivalIroamedthruthestreetsinutterbewildermentofthenewspectacle.Theattrasweremanyandirresistible,but,alas,theineentassoonasreceived.WhenMr.PuskasaskedmehowIwasgettingalonginthenewsphere,Idescribedthesituationaccuratelyiementthat"thelasttwenty-ninedaysofthemontharethetoughest!"Iledaratherstrenuouslifeinwhatwouldermed"Rooseveltianfashion."Everym,regardlessofweather,IwouldgofromtheBoulevardSt.Marcel,whereIresided,toabathinghouseontheSeine,pluothewater,loopthecircuittwenty-seventimesandthenwalkanhourtoreachIvry,wherethepany'sfactorywaslocated.ThereIwouldhaveawoodchopper'sbreakfastathalf-pastseveno'clodtheneagerlyawaitthelunchhour,inthemeanwhilecraghardnutsfortheMaheWorks,Mr.CharlesBatchellor,whowasanintimatefriendandassistantofEdison.HereIwasthrownintactwithafewAmeriswhofairlyfellihmebecauseofmyprofibilliards.TothesemenIexplainedmyiionahem,Mr.D.ingham,ForemanoftheMeicalDepartment,offeredtoformastopany.Theproposalseemedtomeitheextreme.IdidnothavethefaiceptionofwhatthatmeantexceptthatitwasanAmeriwayofdoingthings.Nothingcameofit,however,anddurifewmonthsIhadtotravelfromooanotherplaFrandGermanytocuretheillsofthepowerplants.OurntoParisIsubmittedtooheadministratorsofthepany,Mr.Rau,aplanforimprovingtheirdynamosandwasgivenanopportunity.Mysuccesswaspleteandthedelighteddirectorsaccordedmetheprivilegeofdevelopingautomaticregulatorswhichweremuchdesired.
ShortlyaftertherewassometroublewiththelightingplantwhichhadbeeninstalledatthenewrailroadstationinStrassburg,Alsace.Thewiringwasdefectiveandontheoccasionoftheopeningceremoniesalargepartofawallwasblownoutthruashort-circuitrightinthepresenperorWilliamI.TheGermanGoverrefusedtotaketheplantandtheFrenpanywasfagaseriousloss.OnatofmyknowledgeoftheGermanlanguageandpastexperience,Iwasentrustedwiththedifficulttaskhteningoutmattersandearlyin1883IwenttoStrassburgonthatmission.
Someoftheisinthatcityhaveleftanindeliblereemory.Byacuriousumberofmenwhosubsequentlyachievedfame,livedthereaboutthattime.InlaterlifeIusedtosay:"Therewerebacteriaofgreatnessinthatoldtown.OtherscaughtthediseasebutIescaped!"Thepracticalwork,correspondendferehofficialskeptmepreoccupieddayandnight,but,assoonasIwasabletomanageIuookthestruofasimplemotorinameicalshopoppositetherailroadstation,havingbroughtwithmefromParissomematerialforthatpurpose.Themationoftheexperimentwas,however,delayeduntilthesummerofthatyearwhenIfinallyhadthesatisfaofseeingrotatioedbyalternatingcurrentsofdifferentphase,andwithoutslidingtamutator,asIhadceivedayearbefore.Itwasanexquisitepleasurebutnottoparewiththedeliriumofjoyfollowingthefirstrevelation.
AmongmynewfriendswastheformerMayorofthecity,Mr.Bauzin,whomIhadalreadyinameasureacquaihthisandotheriionsofmineandwhosesupportIendeavoredtoenlist.Hewassincerelydevotedtomeandputmyprojectbeforeseveralwealthypersonsbut,tomymortification,foundnoresponse.HewaohelpmeineverypossiblewayandtheapproachofthefirstofJuly,1919,happenstoremindmeofaformof"assistance"Ireceivedfromthatcharmingman,whichwasnotfinancialbuthelessappreciated.In1870,whentheGermansihetry,Mr.BauzinhadburiedagoodsizedallotmentofSt.Estepheof1801andhecametotheclusionthatheknewnoworthierpersonthaoethatpreciousbeverage.This,Imaysay,isoheunfettableiowhichIhavereferred.MyfriendurgedmetoreturntoParisassoonaspossibleandseeksupportthere.ThisIwasanxioustodobutmyworkaiationswereprotractedowingtoallsortsofpettyobstaclesIenteredsothatattimesthesituationseemedhopeless.
JusttogiveanideaofGermanthhnessand"efficy",Imaymentioherfunnyexperienindestlampof16c.p.wastobeplaahalloingtheproperlocationIorderedthemoorunthewires.AfterwforawhilehecludedthattheengineerhadtobesultedandthiswasdohelattermadeseveralobjesbutultimatelyagreedthatthelampshouldbeplacedtwoinchesfromthespotIhadassigned,whereupontheworkproceeded.ThentheengineerbecameworriedandtoldmethatIorAverdeckshouldbenotified.Thatimportantpersoncalled,iigated,debated,anddecidedthatthelampshouldbeshiftedbacktwoinches,whichwastheplaceIhadmarked.Itwasnotlong,however,beforeAverdeckgotcoldfeethimselfandadvisedmethathehadinformedOber-IorHieronimusofthematterandthatIshouldawaithisdecision.ItwasseveraldaysbeforetheOber-Iorwasabletofreehimselfofotherpressingdutiesbutatlasthearrivedandatwo-hourdebatefollowed,whenhedecidedtomovethelamptwoinchesfarther.MyhopesthatthiswasthefinalactwereshatteredwhentheOber-Iorreturnedandsaidtome:"RegierungsrathFunkeissoparticularthatIwouldniveanorderforplagthislampwithouthisexplicitapproval."Acclyarrasforavisitfromthatgreatmanweremade.Westartedingupandpolishingearlyinthem.Everybodybrushedup,IputonmyglovesandwhenFunkecamewithhisretinuehewasceremoniouslyreceived.Aftertwohours'deliberationhesuddenlyexclaimed:"Imustbegoing,"andpointingtoaplatheceiling,heorderedmetoputthelampthere.ItwastheexactspotwhichIhadinallychosen,
Soitwentdayafterdaywithvariations,butIwasdetermioachieveatwhatevercostandintheendmyeffortswererewarded.Bythespringof1884allthedifferenceswereadjusted,theplantformallyaccepted,auroPariswithpleasinganticipations.OheadministratorshadpromisedmealiberalpensationincaseIsucceeded,aswellasafairsiderationoftheimprovementsIhadmadeintheirdynamosandIhopedtorealizeasubstantialsum.TherewerethreeadministratorswhomIshalldesignateasA,BandCforvenience.WhenIcalledooldmethatBhadthesay.ThisgehoughtthatonlyCcoulddecideaerwasquitesurethatAalohepowertoact.AfterseverallapsofthiscirculusviviositdawnedupomyrewardwasacastleinSpain.
TheutterfailureofmyattemptstoraisecapitalfordevelopmentwasanotherdisappoiandwhenMr.BatchellorprestmetogotoAmericawithaviewofredesigningtheEdisonmaes,IdetermirymyfortuheLandofGoldenPromise.Butthecewasnearlymist.Iliquefiedmymodestassets,securedaodationsandfoundmyselfattherailroadstationasthetrainullingout.AtthatmomentIdiscoveredthatmymoneyandticketsweregone.Whattodowasthequestion.HerculeshadplentyoftimetodeliberatebutIhadtodecidewhilerunningalongsidethetrainwithoppositefeelingssurginginmybrainlikedenseroscillations.Resolve,helpedbydexterity,wonoutinthenieanduponpassingthrutheusualexperiences,astrivialasunpleasant,ImaoembarkforNewYorkwiththeremnantsofmybelongings,somepoemsandarticlesIhadwritten,andapackageofcalculatioingtosolutionsofanunsolvableintegralandtomyflyingmae.DuringthevoyageIsatmostofthetimeatthesternoftheshipwatgforanopportunitytosavesomebodyfromawaterygrave,withouttheslightestthoughtofdanger.LaterwhenIhadabsorbedsomeofthepracticalAmerisenseIshiveredattherecolleandmarvelledatmyformerfolly.
ThemeetingwithEdisonwasamemorableeventinmylife.Iwasamazedatthiswonderfulmanwho,withoutearlyadvantagesandstifictraining,hadaplishedsomuch.Ihadstudiedadozenlanguages,delvediureandart,andhadspentmybestyearsinlibrariesreadingallsortsofstuffthatfellintomyhands,fromon's"Principia"tothenovelsofPauldeKodfeltthatmostofmylifehadbeensquandered.ButitdidnottakelongbefhatitwasthebestthingIcouldhavedohinafewweeksIhadwonEdison'sfidenditcameaboutinthisway.
TheS.S.oestpasseeameratthattime,hadbothofitslightingmaesdisabledanditssailingwasdelayed.Asthesuperstructurehadbeenbuiltaftertheirinstallationitossibletoremovethemfromthehold.ThepreditwasaseriousoneandEdisonwasmuoyed.IntheeveningItookthenecessaryinstrumentswithmeaaboardthevesselwhereIstayedforthenight.Thedynamoswereinbaddition,havingseveralshort-circuitsandbreaks,butwiththeassistahecrewIsucceededinputtingthemingoodshape.Atfiveo'clothem,whenpassingalongFifthAvenueonmywaytotheshop,ImetEdisonwithBatchellorahersastheywerereturninghometoretire."HereisourParisianrunningaroundatnight,"hesaid.WhenItoldhimthatIwasingfromtheonandhadrepairedbothmaes,helookedatmeinsilendwalkedawaywithoutanotherword.ButwhenhehadgonesomedistanceIheardhimremark:"Batchellor,thisisagoodman,"andfromthattimeonIhadfullfreedomiingthework.Fornearlyayearmyregularhourswerefrom10.30A.M.until5o'clockthemwithoutaday'sexception.Edisonsaidtome:"Ihavehadmanyhard-wassistantsbutyoutakethecake."DuringthisperiodIdesigwenty-fourdifferenttypesofstandardmaeswithshortcoresandofuniformpatternwhichreplacedtheoldoheManagerhadpromisedmefiftythousanddollarsonthepletionofthistaskbutitturtobeapracticaljoke.ThisgavemeapainfulshodIresignedmyposition.
ImmediatelythereaftersomepeopleapproachedmewiththeproposalanarclightpanyundermyowhichIagreed.Herefinallyortunitytodevelopthemotor,butwhenIbroachedthesubjeynewassociates,theysaid:"thearclamp.Wedon'tcareforthisalternatingcurrentofyours."In1886mysystemhtingerfectedandadoptedforfactoryandmunicipallighting,andIwasfree,butwithnootherpossessionthaifullyengravedcertificateofstockofhypotheticalvalue.ThenfolloeriodleinthenewmediumforwhichIwasnotfitted,buttherewardcameintheendandinApril,1887,theTeslaElectripanywasanized,providingalaboratoryandfacilities.ThemotorsIbuilttherewereexactlyasIhadimagihem.Imadenoattempttoimprovethedesign,butmerelyreproducedthepicturesastheyappearedtomyvisionandtheoperationwasalwaysasIexpected.
Intheearlypartof1888anarrawasmadewiththeWestinghousepanyforthemanufactureofthemotorsonalargescale.Butgreatdifficultieshadstilltobeoverysystemwasbasedontheuseoflowfrequencycurrentsainghouseexpertshadadopted133cycleswiththeobjectofsegadvahetransformation.Theydidnotwanttodepartfromtheirstandardformsofapparatusandmyeffortshadtobetrateduponadaptiortotheseditions.Anotheryroduceamotorcapableofrunningeffitlyatthisfrequentwowireswhichwasnoteasyofaplishment.
Atthecloseof1889,however,myserviPittsburgbeingnolongeressential,IreturoNewYorkandresumedexperimentalworkinalaboratrandStreet,whereIbegaelythedesignofhighfrequencymaes.TheproblemsofstruinthisunexploredfieldwerenovelandquitepeculiarandIenteredmanydifficulties.Irejectedtheinductortype,fearingthatitmightnotyieldperfeewaveswhichweresoimportanttoresonanta.HaditnotbeenforthisIcouldhavesavedmyselfagreatdealoflabor.Anotherdisciureofthehighfrequencyalternatorseemedtobetheinstancyofspeedwhichthreateoimposeseriouslimitationstoitsuse.IhadalreadynotedinmydemonstrationsbeforetheAmeristitutiorigihatseveraltimesthetunewaslost,atingreadjustment,anddidforesee,whatIdiscoveredlongafterwards,ameansofoperatingamaeofthiskindataspeedstanttosuchadegreeasnottovarymorethanasmallfraofonerevolutioweeremesofload.
Frommanyothersiderationsitappeareddesirabletoiasimplerdevicefortheproduofelectricoscillations.In1856LordKelvinhadexposedthetheoryofthedenserdischarge,butnopracticalapplicationofthatimportantknowledgewasmade.Isawthepossibilitiesanduookthedevelopmentofinduapparatusonthisprinciple.Myprogresswassorapidastoeoexhibitatmylecturein1891acoilgivingsparksoffiveinches.OnthatoccasionIfranklytoldtheengineersofadefevolvediransformationbythehod,helossinthesparkgap.Subsequentiigationshowedthatnomatterwhatmediumisemployed,beitair,hydrogen,mercuryvapor,oilorastreamofeles,theefficyisthesame.Itisalawverymuchlikethatgtheversionofmeiergy.Wemaydropaweightfromacertaiverticallydownorcarryittothelowerlevelalonganydeviouspath,itisimmaterialinsofarastheamountofworkised.Fortunatelyhowever,thisdrawbaotfatalasbyproperproportioningoftheresonantcircuitsanefficyof85pertisattainable.Sincemyearlyannouoftheiionithaseintouniversaluseandwroughtarevolutioninmaments.Butastillgreaterfutureawaitsit.
Whenin1900Iobtainedpowerfuldischargesof100feetandflashedacurrentaroundtheglobe,IwasremihefirsttinysparkIobservedinmyGrandStreetlaboratoryandwasthrilledbysensationsakintothoseIfeltwhenIdiscoveredtherotatingmagicfield.松语文学www.16sy.coM免费小说阅读
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